Evaluation of Leaf Litter Mulching and Incorporation on Skid Trails for the Recovery of Soil Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties of Mixed Broadleaved Forests

Engineering applications can be used to mitigate the adverse effects of soil compaction and amend compacted soils. Previous literature has highlighted beneficial interventions such as litter mulching incorporation on skid trails. However, little is known about effectiveness these alternatives in restoring forest quality after logging. The objective this study was properly elucidate above mentioned protection methods, before skidding (LI) (LM), recovery soil’s physico-chemical biological properties trails over a 2-year period Hyrcanian forests Iran identify best option for restoration intervention. both methods consisted dried leaves hornbeam maple tree three intensities 3, 6, 9 Mg ha−1. results showed that application (LI LM) significantly improved when compared untreated trail. Results values LI treatments were higher than those LM. by 6 ha−1 3 ha−1, while differences not significant between Our findings partially recovered (70–80%) from treatment, untreated, but full required more time return pre-harvest value. Overall, demonstrated accelerates process recovering much faster natural recovery, which take 20 years forests.